Networking

• 1: Adding entries to Pod /etc/hosts with HostAliases
• 2: Extend Service IP Ranges
• 3: Kubernetes Default ServiceCIDR Reconfiguration
• 4: Validate IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack

1 - Adding entries to Pod /etc/hosts with HostAliases

Adding entries to a Pod's /etc/hosts file provides Pod-level override of hostname resolution when DNS and other options are not applicable. You can add these custom entries with the HostAliases field in PodSpec.

The Kubernetes project recommends modifying DNS configuration using the hostAliases field (part of the .spec for a Pod), and not by using an init container or other means to edit /etc/hosts directly. Change made in other ways may be overwritten by the kubelet during Pod creation or restart.

Default hosts file content

Start an Nginx Pod which is assigned a Pod IP:

kubectl run nginx --image nginx

pod/nginx created

Examine a Pod IP:

kubectl get pods --output=wide

NAME     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE    IP           NODE
nginx    1/1       Running   0          13s    10.200.0.4   worker0

The hosts file content would look like this:

kubectl exec nginx -- cat /etc/hosts

# Kubernetes-managed hosts file.
127.0.0.1	localhost
::1	localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0	ip6-localnet
fe00::0	ip6-mcastprefix
fe00::1	ip6-allnodes
fe00::2	ip6-allrouters
10.200.0.4	nginx

By default, the hosts file only includes IPv4 and IPv6 boilerplates like localhost and its own hostname.

Adding additional entries with hostAliases

In addition to the default boilerplate, you can add additional entries to the hosts file. For example: to resolve foo.local, bar.local to 127.0.0.1 and foo.remote, bar.remote to 10.1.2.3, you can configure HostAliases for a Pod under .spec.hostAliases:

service/networking/hostaliases-pod.yaml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: hostaliases-pod
spec:
  restartPolicy: Never
  hostAliases:
  - ip: "127.0.0.1"
    hostnames:
    - "foo.local"
    - "bar.local"
  - ip: "10.1.2.3"
    hostnames:
    - "foo.remote"
    - "bar.remote"
  containers:
  - name: cat-hosts
    image: busybox:1.28
    command:
    - cat
    args:
    - "/etc/hosts"

You can start a Pod with that configuration by running:

kubectl apply -f https://k8s.io/examples/service/networking/hostaliases-pod.yaml

pod/hostaliases-pod created

Examine a Pod's details to see its IPv4 address and its status:

kubectl get pod --output=wide

NAME                           READY     STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE       IP              NODE
hostaliases-pod                0/1       Completed   0          6s        10.200.0.5      worker0

The hosts file content looks like this:

kubectl logs hostaliases-pod

# Kubernetes-managed hosts file.
127.0.0.1	localhost
::1	localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0	ip6-localnet
fe00::0	ip6-mcastprefix
fe00::1	ip6-allnodes
fe00::2	ip6-allrouters
10.200.0.5	hostaliases-pod

# Entries added by HostAliases.
127.0.0.1	foo.local	bar.local
10.1.2.3	foo.remote	bar.remote

with the additional entries specified at the bottom.

Why does the kubelet manage the hosts file?

The kubelet manages the hosts file for each container of the Pod to prevent the container runtime from modifying the file after the containers have already been started. Historically, Kubernetes always used Docker Engine as its container runtime, and Docker Engine would then modify the /etc/hosts file after each container had started.

Current Kubernetes can use a variety of container runtimes; even so, the kubelet manages the hosts file within each container so that the outcome is as intended regardless of which container runtime you use.

2 - Extend Service IP Ranges

This document shares how to extend the existing Service IP range assigned to a cluster.

Before you begin

You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. It is recommended to run this tutorial on a cluster with at least two nodes that are not acting as control plane hosts. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:

• iximiuz Labs
• Killercoda
• KodeKloud

To check the version, enter kubectl version.

Extend Service IP Ranges

The control plane ensures that there is a special ServiceCIDR object, with the well-known name kubernetes, that specifies an IP address range based on the value of the --service-cluster-ip-range command line argument to kube-apiserver.