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This guide provides a quick overview of TensorFlow basics. Each section of this doc is an overview of a larger topic—you can find links to full guides at the end of each section.
TensorFlow is an end-to-end platform for machine learning. It supports the following:
- Multidimensional-array based numeric computation (similar to NumPy.)
- GPU and distributed processing
- Automatic differentiation
- Model construction, training, and export
- And more
Tensors
TensorFlow operates on multidimensional arrays or tensors represented as tf.Tensor objects. Here is a two-dimensional tensor:
import tensorflow as tf
x = tf.constant([[1., 2., 3.],
[4., 5., 6.]])
print(x)
print(x.shape)
print(x.dtype)
2024-10-03 01:24:28.897515: E external/local_xla/xla/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_fft.cc:485] Unable to register cuFFT factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuFFT when one has already been registered 2024-10-03 01:24:28.918497: E external/local_xla/xla/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_dnn.cc:8454] Unable to register cuDNN factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuDNN when one has already been registered 2024-10-03 01:24:28.924727: E external/local_xla/xla/stream_executor/cuda/cuda_blas.cc:1452] Unable to register cuBLAS factory: Attempting to register factory for plugin cuBLAS when one has already been registered WARNING: All log messages before absl::InitializeLog() is called are written to STDERR I0000 00:00:1727918671.501067 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.504962 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.508951 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.512662 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.523975 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS ha tf.Tensor( [[1. 2. 3.] [4. 5. 6.]], shape=(2, 3), dtype=float32) (2, 3) <dtype: 'float32'> d negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.527575 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.531095 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.534452 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.537818 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.541314 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.544748 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918671.548158 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.811574 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.813683 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.815800 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.817784 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.819747 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.822369 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.824361 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.826310 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.828145 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.830199 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.832189 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.834056 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.872509 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.874567 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.876725 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.878642 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.880502 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.882472 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.884483 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.886365 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.888219 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.891799 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.894304 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355 I0000 00:00:1727918672.896575 10533 cuda_executor.cc:1015] successful NUMA node read from SysFS had negative value (-1), but there must be at least one NUMA node, so returning NUMA node zero. See more at https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/v6.0/Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci#L344-L355
The most important attributes of a tf.Tensor are its shape and dtype:
Tensor.shape: tells you the size of the tensor along each of its axes.Tensor.dtype: tells you the type of all the elements in the tensor.
TensorFlow implements standard mathematical operations on tensors, as well as many operations specialized for machine learning.
For example:
x + x
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[ 2., 4., 6.],
[ 8., 10., 12.]], dtype=float32)>
5 * x
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[ 5., 10., 15.],
[20., 25., 30.]], dtype=float32)>
x @ tf.transpose(x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 2), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[14., 32.],
[32., 77.]], dtype=float32)>
tf.concat([x, x, x], axis=0)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(6, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[1., 2., 3.],
[4., 5., 6.],
[1., 2., 3.],
[4., 5., 6.],
[1., 2., 3.],
[4., 5., 6.]], dtype=float32)>
tf.nn.softmax(x, axis=-1)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(2, 3), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[0.09003057, 0.24472848, 0.6652409 ],
[0.09003057, 0.24472848, 0.6652409 ]], dtype=float32)>
tf.reduce_sum(x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=21.0>
tf.convert_to_tensor([1,2,3])
<tf.Tensor: shape=(3,), dtype=int32, numpy=array([1, 2, 3], dtype=int32)>
tf.reduce_sum([1,2,3])
<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=int32, numpy=6>
Running large calculations on CPU can be slow. When properly configured, TensorFlow can use accelerator hardware like GPUs to execute operations very quickly.
if tf.config.list_physical_devices('GPU'):
print("TensorFlow **IS** using the GPU")
else:
print("TensorFlow **IS NOT** using the GPU")
TensorFlow **IS** using the GPU
Refer to the Tensor guide for details.
Variables
Normal tf.Tensor objects are immutable. To store model weights (or other mutable state) in TensorFlow use a tf.Variable.
var = tf.Variable([0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
var.assign([1, 2, 3])
<tf.Variable 'UnreadVariable' shape=(3,) dtype=float32, numpy=array([1., 2., 3.], dtype=float32)>
var.assign_add([1, 1, 1])
<tf.Variable 'UnreadVariable' shape=(3,) dtype=float32, numpy=array([2., 3., 4.], dtype=float32)>
Refer to the Variables guide for details.
Automatic differentiation
Gradient descent and related algorithms are a cornerstone of modern machine learning.
To enable this, TensorFlow implements automatic differentiation (autodiff), which uses calculus to compute gradients. Typically you'll use this to calculate the gradient of a model's error or loss with respect to its weights.
x = tf.Variable(1.0)
def f(x):
y = x**2 + 2*x - 5
return y
f(x)
<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=-2.0>
At x = 1.0, y = f(x) = (1**2 + 2*1 - 5) = -2.
The derivative of y is y' = f'(x) = (2*x + 2) = 4. TensorFlow can calculate this automatically:
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
y = f(x)
g_x = tape.gradient(y, x) # g(x) = dy/dx
g_x
<tf.Tensor: shape=(), dtype=float32, numpy=4.0>
This simplified example only takes the derivative with respect to a single scalar (x), but TensorFlow can compute the gradient with respect to any number of non-scalar tensors simultaneously.
Refer to the Autodiff guide for details.
Graphs and tf.function
While you can use TensorFlow interactively like any Python library, TensorFlow also provides tools for:
- Performance optimization: to speed up training and inference.
- Export: so you can save your model when it's done training.
These require that you use